As the internet evolves to a global speaking medium, country states had been developing equipment to monitor and control citizens’ usage of it. These types of technologies currently have largely came out in democracies, where governments justify all of them by arguing that they will allow them detect and respond to terrorism and other critical crimes. Nevertheless they have also been adapted for use in more questionable applications, such as screening travelers’ political opinions or monitoring protesters and active supporters and workers.
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Other digital tools can spot dubious movements, for example a person smuggling a package into a limited area. GPS locators identify a vehicle or perhaps person to within half a dozen feet; electronic digital toll takers allow authorities to track cars through checkpoints. Cell phone monitors record and examine wireless conversations. Computer taps, which intercept e-mail or “sniff” keystrokes, enable the suspicious to traveler about computer operations.
And of course, there are spy equipment that obtain information coming from people’s physical world: speech and facial reputation software can easily identify a person; DNA sensors test a person’s genetic fingerprint and compare it to a data source. These devices represent a new volume of invasion into the actions of individuals, and they must be subject to severe constraints and audits.